IP - Ingress Protection rating is used to specify environmental protection - electrical enclosure - of Electrical Equipment
Ingress Protection (IP) ratings are developed by the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and are most heavily used in Europe and Asia, with some adherents in North America as well.
The IP rating normally has two (or three) numbers:
ØA
two-digit number established by the International Electro Technical Commission,
is used to provide an Ingress Protection rating to a piece of electronic
equipment or to an enclosure for electronic equipment.
ØThe
protection class after EN60529 are indicated by short symbols that consist of
the two code letters IP and a code numeral for the amount of the protection.
IP TABLE:
IP..
First digit: Ingress of solid objects
Second digit: Ingress of liquids
0
No protection
No protection
1
Protected against solid objects over 50mm e.g. hands, large tools.
Protected against vertically falling drops of water or condensation.
2
Protected against solid objects over 12.5mm e.g. hands, large tools.
Protected against falling drops of water, if the case is disposed up to 15 from vertical.
3
Protected against solid objects over 2.5mm e.g. wire, small tools.
Protected against sprays of water from any direction, even if the case is disposed up to 60from vertical.
4
Protected against solid objects over 1.0mm e.g. wires.
Protected against splash water from any direction.
5
Limited protection against dust ingress. (no harmful deposit)
Protected against low pressure water jets from any direction. Limited ingress permitted.
6
Totally protected against dust ingress.
Protected against high pressure water jets from any direction. Limited ingress permitted.
7
N/A
Protected against short periods of immersion in water.
8
N/A
Protected against long, durable periods of immersion in water.
9k
N/A
Protected against close-range high pressure, high temperature spray downs.
ØFor enclosures, the typical “waterproof” IP ratings are IP67,
IP66 and IP65 enclosures. The chart below gives the specifics
of what these ratings mean and how they are measured.
IP Rating
Protection
Description
Test Method
IP65 Enclosures
Able to protect against water jets
Water projected by a nozzle (6.3 mm) against enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects.
Test duration: at least 15 minutes
Water volume: 12.5 litres per minute
Pressure: 30 kPa at distance of 3 m
IP66 Enclosures
Able to protect against powerful water jets
Water projected in powerful jets (12.5 mm nozzle) against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects.
Test duration: at least 3 minutes
Water volume: 100 litres per minute
Pressure: 100 kPa at distance of 3 m
IP67 Enclsoures
Able to protect against Immersion up to 1 m
Ingress of water in harmful quantity shall not be possible when the enclosure is immersed in water under defined conditions of pressure and time (up to 1 m of submersion).
Test duration: 30 minutes
Immersion at depth of at least 1 m measured at bottom of device, and at least 15 cm measured at top of device
Logical backups consist of the SQL statements necessary to restore the data, such as CREATE DATABASE, CREATE TABLE andINSERT.
2. Physical backups
Physical backups are performed by copying the individual data files or directories.
Logical vs Physical backups
The main differences are as follows:
logical backups are more flexible, as the data can be restored on other hardware configurations, MariaDB versions or even on another DBMS, while physical backups cannot be imported on significantly different hardware, a different DBMS, or potentially even a different MariaDB version.
logical backups can be performed at the level of database and table, while physical databases are the level of directories and files. In the MyISAM storage engine, each table has an equivalent set of files, while in the InnoDBstorage engine, by default, a number of tables are stored in the same file, in which case it is not possible to backup by table.
logical backups are larger in size than the equivalent physical backup.
logical backups takes more time to both backup and restore than the equivalent physical backup.
log files and configuration files are not part of a logical backup
Backup tools
mysqldump
mysqldump performs a logical backup. It is the most flexible way to perform a backup and restore, and a good choice when the data size is relatively small.
For large datasets, the backup file can be large, and the restore time lengthy.
mysqldump dumps the data into SQL format (it can also dump into other formats, such as CSV or XML) which can then easily be imported into another database. The data can be imported into other versions of MariaDB, MySQL, or even another DBMS entirely, assuming there are no version or DBMS-specific statements in the dump.
Examples
A common use of mysqldump is for making a backup of an entire database:
shell> mysqldump db_name > backup-file.sql
You can load the dump file back into the server like this:
shell> mysql db_name < backup-file.sql
Or like this:
shell> mysql -e "source /path-to-backup/backup-file.sql" db_name
mysqldump is also very useful for populating databases by copying data from one MariaDB server to another:
shell> mysqldump --opt db_name | mysql --host=remote_host -C db_name
It is possible to dump several databases with one command:
